Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is more than just “feeling sad”; it’s a serious medical condition that affects millions of people every year. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common type of depression and is characterised by persistent feelings of hopelessness, emptiness, and sadness that can last for weeks or months at a time. MDD has a wide range of symptoms, including changes in eating and sleeping habits, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide. Those with MDD may also experience physical symptoms such as headaches, digestive issues, and muscle aches. MDD can have a profound impact on someone’s life and wellbeing. It can make it difficult to work, socialise, and carry out normal daily activities. It can also lead to other problems, such as substance abuse or financial difficulties, if people rely on addictive behaviours to cope.
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common of all the mental health conditions in Australia. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, an estimated 3 million Australians aged 18 and over (14.4% of the population) experienced depression at some point in 2017. Women are more likely to experience depression than men, with 16.6% of women and 12.2% of men affected in the last 12 months. These statistics demonstrate the seriousness of the condition, and the need for effective prevention and treatment.
Major depressive disorder appears to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, social, and psychological factors. Genetic factors may include certain inherited traits that make a person more vulnerable to developing depression. Biological factors may include changes in brain structure or chemical imbalances that can interfere with a person's ability to regulate their mood. Environmental factors such as major life events, trauma, or stress can trigger episodes of depression. Finally, psychological factors such as thoughts and behaviors can contribute to the development of depression. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as thyroid problems or certain medications can cause symptoms of depression. Overall, the exact cause of major depressive disorder is unknown and likely involves a complex combination of these factors.
Fortunately, there are effective treatments for MDD. Treatment for major depressive disorder typically includes a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify, understand, and change their negative thought patterns, behaviours, and feelings that are associated with depression. Other talking therapies like Interpersonal Therapy, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, can help people with depression and anxiety. Medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly prescribed to treat depression. For people that do not benefit significantly from medications and talking therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) can be helpful, along with ECT. Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can help to reduce symptoms.
In summary, depression is treatable, but it is important to work with a mental health professional to develop an individualised treatment plan that is tailored to your specific needs. MDD is a serious condition, so if you or someone you know is struggling with MDD, it’s important to seek help. With the right treatment, you can manage your symptoms and live a life of hope and meaning.